1. Menene karfe kumfa da aluminum kumfa
A cikin tarihin tarihi, gano karfen kumfa ya zama wani muhimmin ci gaba a juyin juya halin da ake ciki na dukkan fannin injiniyan kayan aiki. Ƙarfe kumfa wani abu ne da ya ƙunshi tsarin ƙarfe wanda ke da adadi mai yawa kuma yana cike da gas tare da tsarin [2]. Za a iya haɗa ramukan waɗannan kumfa na ƙarfe ko kuma a rufe su, kuma ana kiran su kumfa buɗaɗɗen tantanin halitta da kumfa rufaffiyar tantanin halitta, bi da bi, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 2 (a) (b) [3]. Daga cikin su, kayan kumfa na aluminum a halin yanzu shine mafi kyawun karfen kumfa, saboda girman girmansa, ƙananan ƙarancin nauyi, nauyi mai nauyi, ƙarfin ƙarfinsa, damfara mai kyau, ƙarfin tasiri mai ƙarfi, kyakkyawan aikin ɗaukar sauti, da kyakkyawan aikin garkuwar lantarki. Kyakkyawan aiki, don haka aka sani da "tauraron karfe" [4], ana amfani da shi sosai a wasu hanyoyin sarrafawa a fagen injiniyan sararin samaniya, masana'antu da kimiyyar jiki.
Hoto 2. Halayen tsarin tsarin aluminum kumfa: (a) Buɗaɗɗen kumfa aluminum; (B) Rufe-kwayoyin aluminum kumfa [3]
2. Gano aluminum kumfa
A cikin tarihi, an yi amfani da kayan aiki kamar kashi, itace, da pumice na dogon lokaci. Yawancin masu bincike sun yi hasashen cewa amfanin waɗannan kayan ya inganta samar da kayan da mutum ya yi kamar kumfa na ƙarfe. Ko da yake galibin fasahohin fasahohin da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu an gabatar da su ne tun a shekarun 1950, binciken ya nuna cewa ana iya gano gano kumfa na aluminium tun a shekarar 1926, lokacin da Ma De Meller ya fara ambaton kumfa na karfe a cikin takardar izinin Faransa. Meller ya taɓa ba da shawarar cewa ana iya samun aikin kumfa ta ƙarfe ta hanyar shigar da iskar gas mara amfani a cikin narkakken ƙarfe, ko kuma ta hanyar amfani da wakili mai kumfa kamar carbonate a cikin narkakken ƙarfe. Ko da yake wannan kawai haƙƙin mallaka ne bisa ra'ayin, yana kafa harsashi don matakai na gaba da ake buƙata don haɓaka kumfa na aluminum. John C. Elliott ya kara haɓaka wannan ra'ayi shekaru 20 bayan haka, yana zayyana sabuntawar sigar patent Meller da kuma gabatar da kumfa na aluminum na farko da aka samu, wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa ga kasuwancin kayan a Japan a cikin 1990s. Sakin ya aza harsashi [5].
3. Ayyuka da aikace-aikace na aluminum kumfa
Aluminum foamed wani ƙarfe ne mai babban porosity da tsari mai ƙuri'a, wanda ramin da aka rufe ya kai kusan kashi uku cikin huɗu na jimlar ƙarar kayan ƙarfe, wanda ke sa kayan ya yi haske sosai [7]. Baya ga halayen da ke sama, aluminum kumfa kuma yana da kyawawan halaye na sha na makamashi da babban ƙarfi [7]. Game da yawa, masu binciken sun gano cewa yawancin samfuran kumfa na aluminium kusan 0.4-1.2 g · cm-3 [6]. Bugu da kari, aluminum kumfa kuma yana da sauti sha, sake yin amfani da kuma low thermal conductivity [7].
Dangane da aikace-aikacen, garkuwar wutar lantarki, nauyi mai sauƙi da kaddarorin kumfa na aluminum sun sa ya zama ɗan takarar da ya dace don abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin na'urori masu sarrafa makaman nukiliya, motoci, sararin samaniya da masana'antar gine-gine saboda juriya ga matsanancin yanayi na zahiri. A cikin na'urar haɗakar makaman nukiliya mai iya sarrafawa, kumfa aluminium mai rufaffiyar tantanin halitta kyakkyawan kayan kariya ne na lantarki. Saboda haɗin kai na kwarangwal na kumfa na aluminum, yana da ƙaƙƙarfan yanki na musamman da kuma ikon iya ɗauka da kuma nuna raƙuman ruwa na lantarki. Asara iri-iri suna faruwa, kamar asarar sha, asarar tunani, da sauransu, don haka kumfa aluminum yana da kyakkyawan aikin garkuwar lantarki. Haka kuma, an kuma gano cewa tasirin garkuwar lantarki na aluminium mai kumfa ya nuna yanayin raguwar farko sannan kuma yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓaka mitar igiyoyin lantarki [3]. A cikin masana'antar sararin samaniya, ana amfani da aluminum mai kumfa don yin mazugi na sararin samaniya ko sassan injin turbine. Saboda ƙarancin ingancin aluminum mai kumfa, yana da amfani musamman don rage jimlar nauyin kayan aikin jirgin sama [7]. Kuma a matsayin wani kyakkyawan abu mai ɗaukar makamashi, ana amfani da kumfa mai kumfa don kera na'urori na sararin samaniya, na'urorin ɗaukar girgiza da kasan gidan dawo da kumbon, ta yadda jirgin zai iya samun saukowa cikin aminci da kuma kare lafiyar 'yan sama jannati da na'urorin sararin samaniya. Ta hanyar amfani da makamashi mai inganci da shayarwar girgiza, aluminum mai kumfa zai iya tabbatar da amincin 'yan sama jannati a ƙarƙashin tasirin saukar jirgin sama, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto 3 [8].
Hoto 3. Ingantaccen tsari na ɓangarori na bile mai jurewa [8]
1-fatar sama; 2-kumfa aluminum stringers; 3-kasa fata
A cikin masana'antar kera motoci, kumfa aluminum yana taimakawa rage yawan adadin sassan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin firam, yana sa tsarin taro ya fi dacewa, kuma a ƙarshe yana taimakawa rage farashi da haɓaka aiki [7]. A halin yanzu, ana amfani da kumfa aluminum a cikin sanduna na hana karo, katako da katako na kofa a cikin tsarin jikin mota a kasuwa, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 4 [9-10].
Hoto na 4. (a) zane ne na sassan sassan jikin mota da ke shanye makamashi;
(B) Tsarin tsari na kumfa aluminum anti-collision bar
A cikin masana'antar gine-gine, babban amfani da aluminium mai kumfa shine kariya, shingen wuta don hana hayaniya mai tsanani. Ainihin aikace-aikace na rufaffiyar-cell aluminum kumfa a cikin gine-gine shine Shanghai SOHO Fuxing Plaza. Mai zanen yana amfani da babban adadin kumfa na aluminium don ɗauka da rufe sauti, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto 6 [11].
Ana ɗaukar gano kumfa aluminium a matsayin babban nasara. Kayan alumini mai kumfa yana haɗuwa da kyakkyawan aikin garkuwar lantarki, nauyi mai sauƙi, ƙarancin ƙima, shawar girgiza da haɓakar kuzari, don haka yana da kyakkyawan aiki a cikin masana'antu daban-daban a yau. Faɗin aiki. Abin sha'awa shine, kumfa na aluminum shima samfurin muhalli ne wanda za'a iya sake sarrafa shi, wanda ke nufin cewa abu ne mai ɗorewa kuma ana sa ran yin amfani da shi da yawa a aikace-aikacen masana'antu na gaba.
Lokacin aikawa: Nuwamba-30-2021
