ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hana ʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona hana o ka ʻāpana kalapona kalapona i waiho ʻia me ke alumini foam sanwiti panel

ʻO ka sanwiti pahu alumini(AFS) i hui pū ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā hiʻohiʻona hana e like me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ka ikaika kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe, ka lawe ʻana i ka ikehu maikaʻi, ka hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe, a me ka pale electromagnetic. ʻO kēia mau waiwai maikaʻi e loaʻa ai iā AFS ka mana nui i ka aerospace, ka halihali, a me nā kula kai. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻōhua metala liʻiliʻi, hiki i nā papa metala waho o AFS ke hoʻopaʻa pono i ka huʻa a hoʻomaikaʻi i kona ʻano mīkini piha, e like me ka ikaika tensile a me ka piko. ʻO ka maʻamau, ua hana ʻia ka AFS e ke ʻano hoʻopaʻa paʻa, kahi e hoʻopili ai i ka pahu alumini i nā panela metala paʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka epoxy resin adhesive.

ʻOiai ʻo ke ʻano o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana adhesive e hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana, ua hui pū ʻia me nā palena, me nā pilikia i ka hana hou ʻana a me ka hiki ʻole o ka delamination hiki ʻole ma lalo o nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole nā ​​​​corrosive. No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia mau palena, ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia nā hana noiʻi nui no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka paʻa metala ma waena o ka panel a me ka papa kumu.

I kēia manawa, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano hoʻomākaukau nui no ka AFS e hoʻokō i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka metallurgical i loko o ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: welding, melt foaming, a me ka packing rolling powder metallurgy method. Ma waena o kēia mau ʻano, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka packing rolling powder metallurgy method no ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka hoʻolālā pore a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka huʻu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. ʻO kā mākou hana mua i hoʻohana i kēia ʻenehana no ka hana ʻana i ka AFS nui me nā waiwai hoʻonui ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka hoʻolālā kelepona no nā noi ʻoihana.

Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ke ʻano haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka mīkini compressive o ke kumu pahu, ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ikaika mechanical o ka AFS, no laila he mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻana i ka ikaika o ke kumu pahu no ka AFS.

I kēia lā, ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano hana maʻamau e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai mechanical compressive opahu aluminipenei: ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili, ka mālama wela, a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ʻāpana, nā fibers, nā mea hoʻohuihui, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā ʻili kalapona, e ka electroplating a i ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe kemika e like me ka plating keleawe a i ʻole ka nickel plating, e hoʻomaikaʻi hou i ka pulu o nā fila kalapona i ka hoʻoheheʻe alumini a pale i nā hopena interfacial pōʻino ma waena o nā fiber carbon a me ka hoʻoheheʻe alumini. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka fiber carbon pōkole e hoʻoikaika i nā composites matrix alumina.

Bhav Singhetal. i hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā pulupulu kalapona i uhi ʻia i ke keleawe i hoʻoikaika ʻia i ka alumini matrix composites ma ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe ʻana. Muetal. i hoʻohui ʻia me ka nickel-coated carbon fiber me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hoʻolei ʻelua ʻōwili. Ua hōʻike nā hopena i ka hoʻonui nui ʻana i ka ikaika tensile o nā composites me ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā fiber carbon. Eia naʻe, ua kaupalena ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana mai hoʻoikaika ʻia ka pahu aluminime nā pulu kalapona i uhi ʻia i ke keleawe. Caoetal. Ua ho'oikaika 'ia ka hu'a alumini i ho'opa'a 'ia ma ke ala ho'ohehe'e hehe'e. Hōʻike nā hopena i hiki i ka 0.35 vol% o Cf ke hoʻokūpaʻa i ka pahu alumini ma ka pale ʻana i ka haki ʻana o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni wai, a ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka nui o nā fibers i hoʻohui ʻia i ka huʻa. Muetal. ua hōʻike ʻia ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia nā waiwai hoʻoheheʻe o ka pahu alumini i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe hehee me ka hoʻohui ʻana o Cf.

No laila, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o Cf hiki ke lilo i kumu hoʻolālā maikaʻi e hoʻomaikaʻi like i ka paʻa ʻana o ka huʻa a me nā waiwai mechanical.pahu alumini. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe mea i hōʻike ʻia e pili ana i nā fibers kalapona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ke keleawe i hoʻoikaika ʻia i nā panela sandwich foam alumini i hoʻomākaukau ʻia ma o ke ʻano metallurgy pauka, kahi e hoʻoikaika ai i ka poʻe noiʻi e hana i nā noiʻi hohonu i kēia kahua.

Nui nā haʻawina i hana ʻia ma ka hana nucleation a me ka paʻa opahu aluminime ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā pae hoʻoikaika. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa o ka helu pore a me ka pore morphology,

e like me ka nui, ka hāʻawi ʻana, a me ke ʻano, pili pinepine ʻia i nā mīkini nucleation a me ke kūpaʻa. Ua noiʻi nui ʻia nā hopena nucleation heterogeneous a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka pūnaewele oxide i ka ʻōnaehana metallurgy pauka. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā pauka huila Quaternary me Al–Si–Mg–Cu i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia pepa i ka nui o ka hoʻonui ʻana a me nā wela haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, me kahi mahana paʻa o 507 ◦C a me kahi mahana wai o 596 ◦C. Eia nō naʻe, nele ka noiʻi e pili ana i ke ʻano hana nucleation, kūpaʻa, a me nā ʻano mechanical compressive o nā paʻi pauda i loaʻa kēia ʻano hui ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻokomo ʻana iā Cf. Ma nā hana mua, ua hana mua ʻia nā noiʻi ʻana o ka nucleation a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ma o nā ʻano non-in situ, e pili ana i ka loiloi tomographic o nā laʻana i hoʻomaʻalili wikiwiki ʻia ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka huʻi. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻo ka submicron bubble nucleation ka mea i hana mua ʻia i ka wā o ka hoʻomehana mua ʻana a hoʻonui wikiwiki ʻia i loko o nā manawa manawa mai ka 100 ms a hiki i ka 1 s, e hōʻike pinepine ana i nā pilikia no ka nānā ʻana i ka manawa maoli. Loaʻa i ka ʻenehana kiʻi kiʻi x-ray synchrotron radiation hou i ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻonā spatiotemporal, e ʻae ana i ka manawa maoli, ma kahi o ka nānā ʻana i ka nucleation a me ke kaʻina ulu o nā pahu alumini i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe. I kēia manawa, ua ʻimi nā mea noiʻi liʻiliʻi wale i nā kinetics huʻihaʻi o Al-Si-Mg alloy pauda e ka radiation synchrotron. No ka laʻana, ʻo García-Morenoetal. ua hōʻike ʻia nā hanana hoʻoikaika nui i loko o ka wai alumini huʻihuʻi, me ka nucleation a me ka ulu ʻana, ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana o ka ʻōpū, ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka wai, ka agglomeration, a me ka haki ʻana o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Kamm et al. ua aʻo i ka nucleation a me ka ulu ʻana o ka AlSi8Mg4 alumini pahu e ka synchrotron radiation. Ua hōʻike ʻia kā lākou ʻike he hydrogen i hana ʻia ma o ka decomposition o nā adsorbates ma ka ʻili o ka pauda metala e hōʻike ana i kahi hana nucleation koʻikoʻi. Eia nō naʻe, paʻakikī ka pilina ma waena o nā ʻāpana precursor, a hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka dynamics o ka huʻi ʻana e kā lākou haku mele. No ka ʻōnaehana pauka Al-Si-Cu-Mg a me ka ʻōnaehana pauka Al-Si-Cu-Mg me ka Cf i hoʻohui ʻia, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana a me ka ʻimi ʻana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o ka pahu metala he mea koʻikoʻi ia no ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana o ka ʻōpala e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai. no nā noi.

Ma kēia hana, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ʻo Cf/AFS a me AFS me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ke alo metala ma ke ʻano o ka packing rolling powder metallurgy method. Ua ʻike ʻia ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻōhū o Cf/AFS a me AFS ma ke kahua e ka radiation synchrotron e hōʻike i ke ʻano o Cf ma ka nucleation bubble, ka ulu ʻana a me ka hui ʻana, a me ke kūpaʻa. Eia hou, Cf / AFS a me AFS ua hoʻouluʻia ma 620 ◦C no 15 min i loko o ka umu ahi. Ma hope mai, ua hōʻike ʻia a hoʻāʻo ʻia ka puʻunaue nui o ka pore, microstructure pore, a me nā waiwai mechanical compressive o nā mea hoʻohālikelike. Ma muli o nā haʻawina i haʻi ʻia aʻe nei, ua loiloi ʻia ka ʻōnaehana a me ka ikaika compressive o Cf/AFS a me AFS.

2. Nā mea a me nā ʻano hana

2.1. Mea maka

Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻeono mau mea maka no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka AFS a me Cf / AFS: Al pauka (ka nui awelika: 45 μm, maʻemaʻe> 99.70%), Si pauka (ka nui awelika: 38 μm, maʻemaʻe> 99.50%), Cu pauka (ka nui awelika: 38 μm, maʻemaʻe> 99.90%), Mg pauka (ka nui awelika: 75 μm, maʻemaʻe> 99.70%), ʻO ka pauka TiH2 (ka nui awelika: 45 μm, ka maʻemaʻe> 99.70%), a me ka fiber kalapona i uhi ʻia ke keleawe (ka nui awelika: 1 ~ 2 mm, ka mānoanoa o ka uhi keleawe: 1.4 μm).

2.2. Ka hana ana o Cf/AFS

Hōʻike ʻia ka schematic o ka packing rolling powder metallurgy method maFig. 1. I ka wā o ka hui ʻana, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka pauka quaternary AlSi6Mg4Cu4, me nā pauka o Al, Si, Cu, a me Mg i ka like o 86 wt%, 6 wt%, 4 wt%, a me 4 wt%, kēlā me kēia. 1 wt% oxidized TiH2 pauka (hana wela ma ka ea no 1.5 h ma 470 ◦C) ua hoʻohui ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea puhi e hoʻokuʻu koke iā H2 i ka wela heheʻe e hoʻonui ana i ka heheʻe. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka 0.5 wt% o nā fila kalapona e like me nā pae hoʻoikaika. ʻO ka mea nui, no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pulu a pale i nā hopena pōʻino e like me Al4C3 ma ka fiber-aluminum melt interface i ka wā e hoʻohua ai, ua uhi ʻia nā fiber carbon ma o ka electroplating. Ua wehewehe ʻia ke kaʻina hana electroplating ma Refs.Kiʻi 2hōʻike i nā kaula kalapona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ke keleawe i loaʻa ma ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe electroless. Loaʻa ka uhi ʻana i ka uhi ʻokoʻa a me ka uhi mau ʻana o ka ʻili fiber(Fig. 2(a)–(b)). Ma hope mai, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā ʻano hui like ʻole i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o kēia haʻawina ma o ka hui ʻana i nā pauka i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna me Cf a me ka ʻole o Cf i loko o kahi hui hui ʻekolu-dimensional no 3 mau hola. Hoʻopili ʻia ka pauka hui pū ʻia i loko o kahi lua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a ukali ʻia e nā kaʻina hana anu a me ka wela.

Hoʻokuʻu maikaʻi ke kahua ʻōwili anu i ka ea mai loko mai o nā lua a me nā hakahaka interstitial ma waena o nā ʻāpana ma o ke ʻano o nā ala he nui a me nā poho liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka papa ʻōwili wela e hōʻoia i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka precursor i kahi pānaʻi pili ma mua o 98% ma o ka co-deformation o ka panel a me ka pauka, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ke kaʻina hana huʻi. Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana kaʻina hana ʻōwili kikoʻī ma Refs. Loaʻa ka AFS a me Cf/AFS foamable precursors ma o ke kaʻina hana i ʻōlelo ʻia. ʻO ka hope loa, ua hoʻomehana ʻia nā mea mua ʻelua i ka 620 ◦C no 15 min e hana i nā kikoʻī Cf/AFS a me AFS, i hoʻohana ʻia no ka nānā ʻana i ka nui o ka pore, microstructural characterization, a me nā hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical compressive.

2.3. ʻO keʻano a me nāʻano ho'āʻo

2.3.1. ʻAno microstructural

Ua noiʻi ʻia ka Microstructure morphology o ka Cf/AFS a me AFS e ke kahua emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Zeiss Ultra Plus). Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ikehu dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) no ka ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano o nā ʻano hana like ʻole i loko o nā paia cell o nā mea hoʻohua. Ua loaʻa nā ʻāpana lōʻihi o nā mea hoʻohālike ma o ka ʻoki ʻana i nā mea hoʻohālikelike e hoʻohana ana i ka mīkini electro-discharging (EDM, DK7745). Ma hope o kēia, ua uhi ʻia nā ʻāpana longitudinal o nā specimens me ka pena a laila hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia a hoʻoliʻi ʻia me ka 800-grit a me 1500-grit sandpaper. ʻO ka hope loa, ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā anawaena cell like (Dmean) o ka ʻāpana kikoʻī i poni ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu loiloi kiʻi, Image Pro Plus 6.0.

Fig. 1.Hoʻolālā o ke ʻano o ka packing rolling powder metallurgy method.

Kiʻi 2.ʻO nā kiʻi SEM o nā (a) nā pulupulu kalapona i uhi ʻia i ke keleawe, a (b) hōʻike i ka ʻike hoʻonui ʻia o ka ʻāina i kaha ʻia e ka huinahā ʻulaʻula ma (a). ʻO nā kiʻi (c) a me (d) nā hopena EDS o ke kiko A ma (b).

Kiʻi 3.Kiʻikuhi kiʻi o ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻokolohua hoʻoheheʻe synchrotron.

2.3.2. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i ka huʻihuʻi ma loko o ka wahi e ka radiation synchrotron

Kuhi ʻia ke kiʻikuhi o ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻokolohua hoʻoheheʻe synchrotronKiʻi 3. Ua mālama ʻia nā hoʻokolohua ma ka beamline 4W1A o ka Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF, Beijing Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kina). ʻAʻole e like me ke kiʻi absorption-contrast kiʻi maʻamau, hoʻohana kēia pepa i ke kiʻi hoʻohālikelike me ka Synchrotron Radiation Light Source. Hoʻopili kēia ala i nā palena o ke kiʻi absorption kuʻuna, ʻaʻole kūpono no ka nānā ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe nāwaliwali. Hana ʻia ke kaʻina hana huʻa o nā mea hoʻohālike i loko o kahi umu hoʻohāhā i hoʻolālā ʻia, e hōʻike ana i kahi puka aniani 15 mm a 15 mm i kū pololei i ka ʻaoʻao X-ray beam. ʻO ka nui o ka laʻana, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Fig. 3, nā ana 15 mm × 15 mm × 2 mm. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka laʻana i loko o kahi ʻano huʻihuʻi i loaʻa i kahi helu o nā lau seramika. I loko o ke kaʻina hana huāhuʻu, hiki i nā kukui X ke hele i loko o ka hāpana a hopu ʻia e kahi kāmeʻa hoʻopili charge-coupled (CCD). Hoʻohana ʻia ke kumu X-ray i koho ʻia ma ka ikaika o 20 Kev, a ua hoʻohana ʻia ka nui o ka nānā ʻana o 7.4 mm × 7.4 mm i mea e hiki ai ke nānā piha i ke kaʻina hana huʻa.

Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā laʻana i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano e kū pono ana i ka ʻaoʻao ʻōwili a me ka ʻaoʻao tangential. ʻO nā precursors ʻelua i loaʻa ka 0.5 wt% Cf a me nā mea ʻole 0.5 wt% Cf ua wehe ʻia ko lākou mau ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao mai nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o nā laʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā EDM. Ua noiʻi ʻia ka hopena o Cf ma nā ʻano huʻa o ka pahu alumini. Eia kekahi, ua hū ʻia nā precursors me nā haku mele like ʻole i loko o ka umu hoʻomehana hoʻokahi ma kahi mahana i hoʻonohonoho ʻia o 620 ◦C.

2.3.3. ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā waiwai mīkini hoʻoemi

Uaʻokiʻokiʻia nā'ōpana hoʻopiʻi i loko o nā'ōmole cylindrical me ke kiʻekiʻe o 23 mm a me ke anawaena o 20 mm e EDM, a ua hōʻoiaʻiʻoʻia kēlā me kēia kuhikuhi e hoʻokomo i nā pores piha he 10 e pale i ka hopena nui. Ua mālama ʻia nā hoʻokolohua quasi-static compression ma muli o nā kūlana ISO13314–2011 a me GB/T31930–2015, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mīkini hoʻāʻo ʻenehana uila uila AG-XPLUS me ka nui o ka ukana 100 KN. ʻEkolu mau laʻana i hoʻāʻo ʻia no kēlā me kēia pūʻulu, a ʻo nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i loko o kēia pepa e hōʻike ana i nā hopena awelika i loaʻa mai nā laʻana ʻekolu i hoʻāʻo ʻia. Ua hanaʻia nā ho'āʻo a pau ma lalo o ka mana hoʻoneʻeʻana, e mālama ana i ka wikiwiki o ke poʻo o 2 mm / min (e like me ka 10− 3 s− 1) ma ke ana wela.

Fig. 4.ʻO nā kiʻi hoʻoheheʻe synchrotron i hoʻololi ʻia i ka manawa o ka Cf/AFS kaʻina hoʻohāhā: (a) ka mea mua ʻole i ka manawa t0 o 380 ◦C; (b)–(c) ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ke keleawe elemental a me ke ʻano II nucleation i ka wā o ka hoʻoheheʻe mua ʻana; (d)–(g) nucleation heterogeneous a me nā kaʻina ulu o nā ʻōhū; a me (h)–(i) hui pū ʻia nā ʻōhū a moku.

3. Nā hopena a me ke kūkākūkā

3.1. ʻO ke ʻano hoʻohāhā ma lalo o ka radiation synchrotron

3.1.1. ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka huʻa o Cf/AFS

Fig. 4hōʻike i ke ʻano o nā kiʻi hoʻoheheʻe synchrotron e hōʻike ana i ke kaʻina hana huā o ka Cf/AFS. Nā kiʻi kumu o ka Cf/AFS(Fig. 4 (a))ua hopu ʻia i ka wā i noho paʻa ai ka matrix ma 380 ◦C, a ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kēia manawa ma ke ʻano he t0. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka precursor, ʻike ʻia ʻo Cf i ʻeleʻele i loko o ka matrix waiwai nui o ka alumini. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia kēia i ka ʻike keleawe kiʻekiʻe ma ka ʻili fiber, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia maFig. 2(c)–(d), nona ka nui o ka nui atomic pili i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka precursor. Eia kekahi, ʻike ʻia ka hapa nui o ka Cf e hoʻopuehu a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, ma mua o ka hui pū ʻana, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana maFig. 4(a). Hōʻike kēia me ka hoʻohui 0.5 wt% o Cf, hiki i kahi kaʻina hoʻoulu ʻana he 3 mau hola ke loaʻa pono i ke kūlana i makemake ʻia.

Ma t0+194s (e like me ka ʻike ʻia maFig. 4(b)), hiki ke ʻike ʻia he heluna nui o nā ʻōpū keʻokeʻo, aneane spherical me nā anawaena mai ka 90 μm a 180 μm i loko o ka matrix alumini hina (hōʻailona ʻia me ka pua ʻulaʻula). Ua hoʻomau ka nui o nā ʻōhū i loko o 46 s, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia maFig. 4(c). Eia kekahi, ʻo kekahi hoʻololi ʻē aʻe e hana nei i loko o ka matrix ʻo ia ka hana ʻana o kekahi mau ʻōhū liʻiliʻi ma ka ʻili o Cf me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Cu dissolutions (i kaha ʻia me ka pahu kiko ʻulaʻula). Hoʻopili ʻia paha kēia ʻano i ka nucleation type II e kū nei i loko o ka pauka paʻa keleawe. Ua hoʻomaopopo nui ʻia ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o Cu e hoʻemi nui i ka wela hoʻoheheʻe o nā alloys. ʻO kēia ka hopena i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana a puni nā ʻāpana pauka pākahi i loko o ka pauda precursor i loaʻa i ka pauda keleawe i ka wā o ka hoʻomehana ʻana, e hoʻohua ana i ka nui o Al-Si–Mg–Cu quaternary eutectic hehee i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. ʻO ka quaternary eutectic melt pool e lilo i wahi nāwaliwali i loko o ka alloy a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka nucleation. ʻO ka hopena, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nucleate a ulu aʻe ma kahi kokoke i ke keleawe i uhi ʻia ma ka ʻili fiber. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa wai i loko o ka matrix i kēia manawa ke kumu o nā kinoea mai ka decomposition o TiH2 e hōʻiliʻili maʻalahi i ka matrix alumini. Hiki i ka ʻano nucleation II ke pale pono i ke kinoea i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale i ka matrix haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa wai a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā māwae ma o ka wai, e hopena ai i ka pohō nui o ka nui o ka hydrogen.

Fig. 4(d)hōʻike i nā ʻōhū i hoʻomaka mua ʻia a ulu ma ka ʻāpana o ka Cf i ka heheʻe ʻana o ka matrix, a ʻo nā wahi ʻōhū e pili ana i ka papa i uhi ʻia i ke keleawe e nalowale ana (i kaha ʻia me ka pahu kiko ʻulaʻula). Ua hoʻokumu maikaʻi ʻia ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā pae lua e hoʻonui i ka helu o nā kahua nucleation heterogeneous, a laila e hōʻemi ana i ka pale ikehu no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻōhū hou i loko o ka hehee alloy. I kēia manawa, pili ka nui o ka nucleation me ka huina heterogeneous nucleation area no kēlā me kēia leo. No laila, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ua hoʻomaka mua nā ʻōhū ma nā wahi i waiho ʻia ai nā fiber carbon a hoʻonui i ka lōʻihi o ka fiber carbon. Me ka hoʻonui hou ʻana i ka hakina heheʻe, hoʻomau ka puka ʻana mai o nā ʻōmole houFig. 4(e)–4(g). Eia nō naʻe, ua lohi ka nui o ka hui ʻana a me ka haki ʻana o nā ʻōhū, e hōʻike ana he kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe nā ʻōpala. Ma t0+426s, pi'i nui ka nui o na ohu, a

hōʻike ka leo precursor i ka hoʻonui nui(Fig. 4(h)). Eia kekahi, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hui pū ʻana (i hōʻailona ʻia me ka pua ʻulaʻula), kahi e hoʻomoʻa ʻia ai nā ʻōpala liʻiliʻi e nā mea nui ma muli o ka maturation ʻo Ostwald, he kaʻina hiki ʻole ke pale ʻia i ka wā o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā pahu metala [40]. ʻO ke ʻano o kēia ʻano oʻo ka hopena i ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o kahi helu liʻiliʻi o nā ʻōpū nui a ʻano like ʻole (i hōʻailona ʻia me ka pua ʻulaʻula i loko.Fig. 4(i)).

Fig. 5.ʻO nā kiʻi i hoʻololi ʻia i ka manawa o ke kaʻina hana huāhuā o AFS ma nā pae like ʻole: (a) hoʻoheheʻe mua ʻole i ka manawa t0 o 380 ◦C; (b) ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ke keleawe elemental a me ke ʻano II nucleation i ka wā o ka hoʻoheheʻe mua ʻana; (c) ka nucleation a me ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻōpū; a me (d)–(f) hui pū ʻia nā ʻōhū a moku.

3.1.2. ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka puaʻa o AFS

Hōʻike ka Fig. 5 i ke ʻano o nā kiʻi radiation synchrotron e hōʻike ana i ke kaʻina hana huā o AFS. E like me Cf/AFS, ua kiʻi ʻia ke kiʻi mua no ke kaʻina radiation synchrotron i ka wā i noho ai ʻo AFS i ka pae paʻa ma 380 ◦C (e nānāFig. 5(a)). Ke hoʻomehana ʻia ka matrix ma luna o ka wela solidus, ʻike ʻia nā ʻōmole keʻokeʻo liʻiliʻi i lokoFig. 5(b) a me (c), ma muli o ka decomposition o TiH2 a me ka hanana o ka type II nucleation ma ka Cu-waiwai aina. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka nui o nā bula i hana ʻia a me kā lākou puʻupuʻu puʻupuʻu i lokoFig. 5(c)ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o kaFig. 4(c). Hōʻike kēia i ka hāʻawi ʻana o Cf/AFS i nā alahele hou aku no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ke kinoea mua i ka wā o ka nucleation, e pale ana i ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o nā māwae i loko o ka pahu alumini me ka haʻahaʻa wai haʻahaʻa.

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi helu liʻiliʻi o nā kahua nucleation AFS a me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻōpū ʻino i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me Cf/AFS.Fig. 5(d)–(f). ʻAʻole maʻamau ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā ʻōhū AFS, a ke hōʻike nei ko lākou nui i nā loli ākea ma muli o ka noho like ʻana o nā ʻōhū nui micrometer a me nā ʻōpū nui ʻano millimeter-nui (i hōʻailona ʻia me ka pua ʻulaʻula). Eia kekahi, hiki i kēia instability a me ka inhomogeneity i ka wā o ke kaʻina nucleation mua ke hopena i nā ʻokoʻa nui i ka hoʻolālā pore hope a me nā waiwai mechanical ma waena o AFS a me Cf/AFS.

3.2. ʻIkepili macrostructure

No ka noiʻi ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa o ka macroscopic pore morphology a me ke anawaena pore ma waena o AFS a me Cf/AFS, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ʻelua mau hale sanwiti ma lalo o nā kūlana hoʻokolohua ma kahi wela hū o 620 ◦C no 15 min. Hōʻike ʻia ka macrostructure a me ka puʻunaue nui o ka cell o AFS a me Cf/AFS maFig. 6. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā ʻāpana kūpaʻa o nā ʻāpana hana ʻelua e hōʻike ana he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā pūnaewele Cf/AFS a me nā hemahema liʻiliʻi e like me ka haki ʻana a i ʻole ka hui ʻana o nā cell (e nānāFig. 6 (b)). ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia maFig. 6(a), Hōʻike ka AFS i ka homogeneity pore maikaʻi ʻole me ka hele ʻana o kekahi mau pores nui. I kēia manawa, ʻo ke anawaena pore like no AFS a me Cf/AFS he 2.9 ± 0.2 mm a me 1.9 ± 0.1 mm, e hōʻike ana ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe hou ʻia ke anawaena pore e ka hoʻohui ʻana o Cf (e nānāFig. 6(c) a me (d)).

Hoʻololi ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pore e nā ʻano hoʻokūkū ʻelua: ka decomposition o TiH2 a me ka hoʻohui ʻana a me ka haki ʻana o ka pua. Hāʻawi ka decomposition o TiH2 i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka helu o ka nucleation, porosity, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana, ʻoiai ʻo ka hui ʻana a me ka haki ʻana o nā puʻupuʻu e hoʻemi i ka helu o nā pores a hoʻonui i ke anawaena o nā pores. ʻO ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka hui ʻana o ka bubble a me nā hanana rupture e kōkua i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hoʻolālā cellular ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. No laila, pono ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe o ka pahu e mālama i ka homogeneity o ka hoʻolālā pore i ka wā o ka hoʻoulu ʻana. No Cf/AFS, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o Cf e hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka pulu o nā fiber me ka hoʻoheheʻe alumini. E like me ka Cf reinforced aluminum foam [44] i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o Cf e hoʻokūpaʻa i ka pahu alumini ma ka pale ʻana i ka haki ʻana o ka paia o ke kelepona a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka agglomeration. I kēia manawa, hiki i ka Cf ke hana i ka ʻupena e like me ka ʻupena i loko o ka pā hale, kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ai a pale i ka haki ʻana o nā ʻōpū, pēlā, e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke ʻano o ka cell, ka paʻa ʻana o ka pua, a me ka like ʻole o ka puʻupuʻu pore.

3.3. ʻAno microstructural

Fig. 7(a)hōʻike i ka microstructure o ka paia cell ma hope o ka huʻa ʻana me AFS. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia no ka AlSi6Cu4Mg4 alloy foams, eutectic Al-Si, Mg2Si, Al2Cu, a me Al5Cu2Mg8Si6, aia i loko o ka huila, i kuʻikahi me nā ʻike i loaʻa mai ka nānā ʻana o EDS maFig. 7(b). ʻO kēia mau ʻāpana palupalu e hoʻemi i nā waiwai mechanical o ka pahu alumini ma o ka hoʻonāwaliwali ʻana i ka pā pore a i ʻole ke kumu o nā māwae i ka wā deformation. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical o ka pā pore ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā pae hoʻoikaika i kahi hoʻolālā kūpono a maikaʻi.

No Cf/AFS, hiki ke nana ia maiFig. 7(c) a (d)ua puunaueia ka Cf i loko o ka paia keena a i ole ma ka lihi o ka paia o ke keena, e hoike ana he maikai loa ko Cf me ka hehee alumini. Eia kekahi, ʻike ʻia (e nānā iFig. 7(d)) e hoʻokumu ʻia kahi helu liʻiliʻi o ka māhele precipitated Al2Cu ma ke kikowaena ma waena o nā fibers a me ka hehee alumini. Hāʻawi kēia hanana i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi paʻa paʻa ma waena o nā fibers a me ka matrix. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka holomua ʻana o kēia hopena diffusion maFig. 4(a)–(c). E hoʻomanaʻo, ʻaʻole i hoʻopuni piha ʻia ka ʻāpana kohu i nā fiber carbon, a ʻo ka mokuʻāina a me ka nui o kēia puʻunaue he mea pono ia no Cf/AFS. Ma muli o ke aʻo ʻana o Lv et al, ma ka Cf i hoʻoikaika ʻia i ka alumini matrix composite material, ua hōʻike ʻia i ka nui kūpono o ka pae precipitated hiki ke hoʻololi a hoʻoponopono i ka ikaika pili pili.

Fig. 6.Nā ʻāpana kū pololei o ka laʻana hōʻike (a) AFS a me (b) Cf/AFS. Hōʻike ʻia ke anawaena like me ka hakina ʻāpana e pili ana i (a) a me (b) ma (c) a me (d), kēlā me kēia. Hōʻike ka laina hoʻomau paʻa ma (c) a me (d) i ka log-maʻamau kūpono. Hōʻike ka Regression (R2) i ka maikaʻi o ke kūpono.

Fig. 7.Hōʻike nā kiʻi SEM (a) a me (b) i nā microstructure e pili anaFig. 6(a) AFS aFig. 6(b) Cf/AFS, kēlā me kēia, ʻo ia hoʻi,Fig. 7(b) a me (d) hōʻike i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana oFig. 7(a) a me (c), pakahi.

3.4. Mechanism of Cf stabilizing Al–Si–Mg–Cu foam

Ma muli o ka loiloi i haʻi ʻia ma luna nei, ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia kahi hōʻike kikoʻī o ke ʻano hana huʻa no Cf/AFS a me AFS i loko.Fig. 8. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o Cf/AFS a me AFS i ka pae nucleation, ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻōpū, a me ke kahua hoʻohui, a me ka pae paʻa lohi, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia maFig. 8(a) a me (b).

Fig. 8.Kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi o Cf/AFS a me ka ʻano huāhuā AFS: (a) Cf/AFS; a (b) AFS.

Ma ke kahua nucleation o AlSi6Cu4Mg4 alloy foam, mau ohu e nucleate i loko o ka wai quaternary eutectic e puni ana i na mea keleawe, ma mua o ka nucleate ma kahi o ka TiH2 particles. ʻO kēia ʻano o ka nucleation ma ka wahi nāwaliwali loa o ka precursor (type II nucleation) e hāʻawi i nā ala pakele no nā kinoea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e TiH2 decomposition, e pale aku i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā kinoea a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā māwae i ka hoʻoheheʻe alumini. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o nā fibers kalapona i uhi ʻia i ke keleawe e hana hou aʻe i nā ala no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana iā H2. Eia naʻe, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lawa ka hapa wai o ka hoʻoheheʻe alumini i kēia manawa, he paʻakikī i kēlā mau ʻōhū liʻiliʻi ke loaʻa kahi kumu kūpono o H2 e hoʻomau i ka ulu. ʻO ka hopena, pohā kēia mau ʻōpū liʻiliʻi i loko o ka heheʻe ke piʻi ka mahana. Ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka precursor, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka H2 mai ka hopena dehydrogenation ikaika o TiH2 e nucleate a ulu wikiwiki ma muli o ke kiko nucleation. Hāʻawi ka Cf i nā kahua nucleation heterogeneous no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻōhū, kahi e hoʻonui nui ai i nā helu nucleation. I ka manawa like, hiki i ka Cf ke pale pono i ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā ʻōpū mua a pale i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā ʻōpū nui anomalously.

I ka wā o ka ulu ʻana a me ka hui ʻana o nā ʻōhū, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o Cf e hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ka paʻa ʻana o ka foam. ʻO ke kumu o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o Cf a me ka aluminika maikaʻi ka pulu, a hiki ke maʻalahi i nā fibers ma waena o nā pilina kinoea-wai ʻelua e hana i kahi ʻano pūnaewele (e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia maFig. 7(c)). I ka lahilahi ʻana o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni wai, hiki i nā fibers ke hoʻohua i kahi kaomi hoʻokaʻawale e pale aku i ka momi mai ka palena pāpū, no laila e pale ai i ka haki ʻana o ke kiʻi wai. No laila pono ʻo Cf/AFS i ka manawa hoʻohāhā ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o AFS, me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe e hiki ai ke mālama i ka like ʻole o ka hoʻolālā pore i ka wā o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka pua.

I ka wā o ka hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻana, ʻaʻole e ulu hou nā ʻōhū ma Cf/AFS a hoʻokomo ʻia nā fibers i loko o ka pā kelepona (i kaha ʻia me ka pahu kiko ʻulaʻula). ʻO kēia paʻa ʻana o nā fibers e pale i ka absorption o nā ʻōpū liʻiliʻi e nā mea nui, e like me ka ʻike ʻia ma Ostwald maturation, a ke kāohi nei i ka haki ʻana o ka pā hale ma muli o ka hoʻonui solidification. ʻO ka hopena, hōʻike ʻo Cf/AFS i kahi hoʻolālā pore homogeneous a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā hemahema pore i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me AFS.

3.5. Nā waiwai mīkini

Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻōkuhi koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi no Cf/AFS a me AFS me ka porosity kokoke like (83.2% a me 81.4%, kēlā me kēia)Fig. 9(a). Hōʻike ka ʻōkuhi koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa ʻekolu, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻāpana elastic linear, ʻāina pāpū, a me ka ʻāina densification. ʻO ka ikaika compressive yield o AFS a me Cf/AFS he 8.44 MPa a me 11.87 MPa. Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka ikaika compressive yield o Cf/AFS e 40.6% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me AFS. I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hiki ke komo i ka ikehu o Cf/AFS ma mua o ka AFS ma ke ʻano like, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia maFig. 9(b). ʻO ka mana hoʻoemi ikehu o AFS a me Cf/AFS ma kahi o 3.3 MJ/m3 a me 6.1 MJ/m3. Hoʻonui ʻia ka mana hoʻoemi ikehu o Cf/AFS e 84.8% ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me AFS.

Fig. 9.Nā pihi kaʻaahi koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi a me nā pihi hiki ke hoʻoemi ikehu o Cf/AFS a me AFS: (a) nā pihi kaʻaahi koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi; (b) nā kaha hoʻopalekana ikehu.

ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o Cf i hoʻonui nui i nā ʻano mechanical o ke kumu pahu. Ua ʻike maopopo ʻia nā ʻano mechanical opahu aluminipili loa i ka hana pore a me ka waiwai mechanical strut. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka nānā ʻana o Macrostructural i ka hoʻohui ʻana o Cf i hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka nui o ka pore, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka pore, a hoʻemi i nā hemahema pore. E like me nā ʻike a Sasikumar et al. a me Yangetal. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke anawaena pore liʻiliʻi a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka pore liʻiliʻi e hoʻonui i ka ikaika compressive a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hopena o ka microstructure ma nā ʻano mechanical o ka ʻūhā ma muli o ka Cf i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā paia pore o ka pua. ʻO ka diffusion a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka copper-coated o nā kalapona kalapona i loko o ka matrix alumini hiki ke hoʻokō i kahi paʻa interfacial paʻa ma waena o nā fibers a me ka matrix aluminika, e kōkua ana i ka hoʻoili ukana. Hiki i ka modulus carbon fiber kiʻekiʻe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka pā pore hiki ke kaupalena i ka deformation o ka pā pore ma lalo o ka ukana hoʻoemi a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hiki ke amo. Makemake kēia mau mea āpau i ka Cf/AFS no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka hiki ke hoʻoemi ikehu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me AFS.

4. Manao

Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka Cf/AFS a me ka AFS e ka packing rolling powder metallurgy method ma kēia hana. Ua ʻike ʻia ke ʻano huʻihuʻi o Cf/AFS a me AFS ma o ka radiation synchrotron i

e noiʻi i ka mana o Cf i ka nucleation a me ka ulu. Eia kekahi, ua nānā pono ʻia ʻo Cf ma ka pore morphology, pore distribution, a me nā waiwai hoʻoemi o nā ʻūhā alumini. ʻO nā hopena nui penei:

(1) Hōʻike ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o Synchrotron in situ e hōʻike ana nā kaʻina hana huʻa Cf/AFS a me AFS i ʻekolu pae ʻokoʻa: ka nucleation bubble, ka ulu ʻana a me ka hui ʻana, a me ka paʻa.

I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka AFS, hōʻike ke kaʻina hana huāhue o Cf/AFS i ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ka like ʻana o ka bubble. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka AFS i ka hana ʻana i nā pores nui a me nā pores i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana pore. Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻike ʻia ka disparity i ka hopena nucleation heterogeneous o Cf, ka mea e pale ai i ka haki ʻana o ka pā a hōʻemi i ka coalescence ʻoiai e hoʻonui ana i ka helu nucleation.

(2) ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o 0.5 wt.% Cf e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke anawaena pore like mai 2.9 ± 0.2 mm a i 1.9 ± 0.1 mm, e hōʻemi nui ana i nā hemahema pore. I ka manawa like, hōʻike ka microstructure i ka pulu maikaʻi o Cf, ka mea i puʻunaue ʻia ma ka pā pore a me ke kinoea paʻa paʻa, a laila e hoʻonui ai i ka paʻa o ka foam.

(3) Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me AFS, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka ikaika o ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka compressive a me ka mana absorption o ka Cf/AFS ma kahi o 40,6% a me 84,8%. Hiki i nā ʻike o kēia haʻawina ke hāʻawi i nā manaʻo no ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā panela sanwī pahu alumini me nā mea hoʻopaʻa hoʻopaʻa metallurgical i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā noi ʻenekinia ma ke kahua o nā ʻoihana kaʻa a me nā aerospace.

ʻatikala mai ka Journal of Materials Research and Technology