Iimpawu zephaneli yobhedu ediphozithwe ifayibha yealuminiyam yesangweji yeempawu zepaneli xa kuthelekiswa nephaneli yesandwich yealuminiyam eqhelekileyo.

Isangweji ye-aluminiyam ye-foam(AFS) iiphaneli zinendibaniselwano yesakhiwo kunye neempawu zokusebenza ezinje ngoxinaniso oluphantsi, amandla athile aphezulu, ukufunxwa kakuhle kwamandla, amandla okudambisa, kunye nokhuseleko lwe-electromagnetic. Ezi zakhiwo zibalaseleyo zenza i-AFS ibe nesakhono esikhulu kwi-aerospace, uthutho, kunye nemimandla yaselwandle. Xa kuthelekiswa namagwebu esinyithi, iipleyiti zetsimbi zangaphandle ze-AFS zinokutywina ngokufanelekileyo igwebu kwaye ziphucule iipropathi zayo ezibanzi, ezinje ngokuqina kunye nokugoba. Ngokubanzi, i-AFS yenziwe ngendlela yokuncamathela encamathelayo, ebandakanya ukuncamathelisa igwebu le-aluminium kwiipaneli zetsimbi ezomeleleyo zisebenzisa i-epoxy resin adhesive.

Nangona indlela ye-adhesive bonding iphucula ngokufanelekileyo ukudanjiswa kwesakhiwo, ikhatshwa yimida, kubandakanywa imingeni ekusetyenzisweni ngokutsha kunye nokuba sesichengeni sokungaphumeleli kwe-delamination phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu okanye iimeko ezigrulisayo. Ukujongana nale mida, iinzame zophando olubanzi zinikezelwe ekufezekiseni i-metallurgical bonding phakathi kwendawo yolawulo kunye ne-core layer.

Okwangoku, ezona ndlela ziphambili zokulungiselela i-AFS ezijolise ekufikeleleni kwi-metallurgical bonding zihlelwa ngokubanzi zibe ziindidi ezithathu: ukuwelda, ukunyibilika ugwebu, kunye nokupakisha indlela yomgubo wesinyithi. Phakathi kwezi ndlela, indlela yokupakisha i-rolling powder metallurgy ithathwa njengephezulu yokulawula ubume bepore kunye nokufezekisa ubushushu obuphantsi bogwebu. Umsebenzi wethu wangaphambili uqeshe le teknoloji ukwenza i-AFS yobungakanani obukhulu kunye nezakhiwo ezingcono zokwandisa kunye nesakhiwo seselula kwizicelo zamashishini.

Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yeepropathi ezisezantsi zokucinezeleka komatshini we-foam core, ukuphuculwa kwamandla oomatshini be-AFS kulinganiselwe, ngoko ke uphuculo olongezelelweyo lwamandla ombindi wegwebu lubalulekile kwi-AFS.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iindlela eziqhelekileyo ezichazwe ukuphucula iimpawu zokuxininisa mechanical ofugwebu aluminiyamzezi zilandelayo: unyango umphezulu, unyango ubushushu, kunye nokomelezwa ngokudibanisa amasuntswana, imicu, izinto alloying, njl. Phakathi kwazo, imicu carbon ezimfutshane kunye noxinaniso oluphantsi, imodyuli eelastiki aphezulu, kunye nomlinganiselo ubukhulu becala ziye zatsala ingqalelo ebanzi njengezinto ezithembisayo ukuqinisa. Ngaphezu koko, i-metallization ye-carbon fibers, ngokufakwa kwe-electroplating okanye i-chemical plating efana ne-copper plating okanye i-nickel plating, iphucula ngakumbi ukumanzi kwe-carbon fibers kwi-aluminiyam enyibilikayo kwaye inqanda ukusabela okuyingozi phakathi kwe-carbon fibers kunye ne-aluminium enyibilikayo. Ifayibha yekhabhoni emfutshane ngoku isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukuqinisa imidibaniso ye-aluminiyam ye-matrix.

Bhav Singhetal. kulungiswe imicu yekhabhoni egqunywe ngobhedu eyomelezwe imidibaniso ye-aluminiyam ye-aluminiyam ngendlela yokuphosa. Muetal. Imiqulu eyenziwe nge-aluminiyam ye-aluminiyam eqiniswe nge-nickel-coated carbon fibers usebenzisa indlela yokuphosa ezimbini. Iziphumo zibonise ukuphuculwa okubalulekileyo kumandla okuqina ee-composites kunye nokongezwa kwe-carbon fibers. Nangona kunjalo, kukho uphando oluncinci olwenziweyoi-aluminiyam i-foam yaqiniswangeentsinga zekhabhoni ezigqunywe ngobhedu. Caoetal. okokuqala kulungiswe imicu yekhabhoni egqunywe ngobhedu eyomelezwe ugwebu lwealuminiyam ngokusebenzisa indlela yokunyibilika kwegwebu. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba i-0.35 vol% ye-Cf inokuzinzisa i-foam ye-aluminium ngokuthintela ukugqabhuka kwefilimu yolwelo, kwaye ngakumbi inani lemicu eyongeziweyo kwi-foam lizinzile. Muetal. wabonisa ukuba iimpawu zokudambisa ze-aluminium amagwebu ezilungiselelwe yindlela yokunyibilika kwegwebu ziphuculwe kakhulu ngokudityaniswa kweCf.

Ngokufanelekileyo, kunokugqitywa ukuba ukongezwa kwe-Cf kunokuba sisicwangciso esisebenzayo sokuphucula kwangaxeshanye ukuzinza kogwebu kunye neempawu zoomatshini.amagwebu aluminiyam. Ngaphezu koko, akukhange kubekho ngxelo kwiifiber zekhabhoni ezifakwe nge-copper-plated eziqiniswe kwi-aluminium foam sandwich panels ezilungiselelwe ngendlela ye-powder metallurgy, ekhuthaza abaphandi ukuba baqhube izifundo ezinzulu kule ndawo.

Uphando oluninzi luye lwenziwa kwindlela ye-nucleation kunye nokuzinza kweamagwebu aluminiyamkunye nokongezwa kwezigaba zokuqinisa. Umahluko kwinombolo yepore kunye ne-pore morphology,

ezifana nobukhulu, ukuhanjiswa, kunye nokumila, zidla ngokubalelwa kwiindlela ze-nucleation kunye nokuzinza. Iziphumo ze-Heterogeneous nucleation kunye neendlela zokuzinzisa inethiwekhi ye-oxide kwi-powder metallurgy system iye yaphandwa ngokupheleleyo. I-Quaternary alloy powders equka i-Al-Si–Mg-Cu esetyenziswe kweli phepha ibonise amazinga akhethekileyo okwandisa kunye nobushushu obuphantsi obunogwebu, kunye nobushushu be-solidus obuyi-507 ◦C kunye nobushushu be-liquidius obuyi-596 ◦C. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ukunqongophala kophando malunga ne-nucleation mechanism, uzinzo, kunye nepropathi ecinezelayo yomatshini we-powder compacts equlethe oku kuqulunqwa kwe-alloy, ngakumbi xa kubandakanywa i-Cf. Kwimisebenzi yangaphambili, uphando lweendlela ze-nucleation kunye nozinziso lwaluqhutywa ikakhulu ngeendlela ezingezizo ezikwi-situ, ezibandakanya uhlalutyo lwe-tomographic yeesampulu eziye zaphola ngokukhawuleza emva kokuphazamiseka kogwebu. Ngelishwa, i-submicron bubble nucleation yenzeka ngexesha lokufudumeza kwe-precursor kwaye yanda ngokukhawuleza ngaphakathi kwamathuba exesha ukusuka kwi-100 ms ukuya kwi-1 s, ihlala inikezela imiceli mngeni yokujongwa kwexesha lokwenyani. Indlela yangoku yokucinga ye-X-ray ye-synchrotron radiation inamandla aphezulu kunye nesisombululo se-spatiotemporal, evumela ixesha lokwenyani, kwindawo yokuphononongwa kwe-nucleation kunye nenkqubo yokukhula kwamagwebu e-aluminiyam kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Okwangoku, ngabaphandi abambalwa kuphela abaye baphonononga i-kinetics enegwebu ye-Al-Si-Mg ye-alloy powder ngemitha ye-synchrotron. Umzekelo, uGarcía-Morenoetal. ingxelo yeziganeko ezibalulekileyo eziguquguqukayo kugwebu lwe-aluminiyam elulwelo, kubandakanya i-nucleation kunye nokukhula, ukuhlengahlengiswa kweqamza, ukurhoxiswa kolwelo, i-agglomeration, kunye nokugqabhuka kwefilimu. Kamm et al. wafunda inkqubo ye-nucleation kunye nokukhula kwe-AlSi8Mg4 i-aluminium igwebu ngemitha ye-synchrotron. Iziphumo zabo zibonise ukuba i-hydrogen eveliswa ngokubola kwee-adsorbates kumphezulu wesinyithi imele enye indlela ebalulekileyo ye-nucleation. Nangona kunjalo, intsebenziswano phakathi kwamacandelo e-precursor intsonkothile, kwaye i-dynamics ye-foeling inokuphenjelelwa kukwakheka kwazo. Kuzo zombini i-Al-Si-Cu-Mg ye-powder system kunye ne-Al-Si-Cu-Mg ye-powder system ene-Cf eyongeziweyo, ukuqonda kunye nokuphonononga ukuqaliswa kunye nokukhula kwe-foam yesinyithi kubalulekile kuphuhliso oluqhubekayo lwe-foam ukuphucula iipropati. kwizicelo.

Kulo msebenzi, i-Cf/AFS kunye ne-AFS ene-metallurgical interfacial bonding yalungiswa ngokupakisha i-powder metallurgy method. I-bubbles evolution ye-Cf/AFS kunye ne-AFS yabonwa kwi-situ yi-synchrotron radiation ukuveza indlela ye-Cf kwi-bubble nucleation, ukukhula kunye nokudibanisa, kunye nokuzinza. Ukongezelela, i-Cf/AFS kunye ne-AFS zaye zaphoswa amagwebu kwi-620 ◦C kwi-15 min kwisithando somlilo segumbi. Emva koko, ukuhanjiswa kobungakanani bepore, i-pore microstructure, kunye nepropathi ecinezelayo yomatshini yeesampulu ezinogwebu zaphawulwa kwaye zavavanywa. Ngokusekelwe kwizifundo ezikhankanywe ngasentla, ulwakhiwo kunye namandla oxinzelelo lwe-Cf/AFS kunye ne-AFS zavavanywa ngokucwangcisiweyo.

2. Izinto kunye neendlela

2.1. Iimpahla ezingekasilwa

Izixhobo ezintandathu eziluhlaza zazisetyenziselwa ukulungiselela i-AFS kunye ne-Cf / AFS: i-Al powder (ubungakanani obuyi-avareji: 45 μm, ubunyulu> 99.70%), i-Si powder (ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo: 38 μm, ubunyulu> 99.50%), u-Cu powder (ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo: 38 μm, ubunyulu > 99.90%), umgubo weMg (ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo: 75 μm, ubunyulu > 99.70%), i-TiH2 powder (ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo: 45 μm, ukuhlambuluka> 99.70%), kunye ne-carbon fiber efakwe ngobhedu (ubukhulu obuqhelekileyo: 1～2 mm, ubukhulu be-copper-coated: 1.4 μm).

2.2. Ukuqulunqwa kwe-CF/AFS

Isikimu sendlela yokupakisha i-rolling powder metallurgy ibonisiweUmzobo 1. Ngexesha lokuxuba, i-quaternary alloy AlSi6Mg4Cu4 powder yalungiswa, kunye ne-powders ye-Al, Si, Cu, kunye ne-Mg ngokwemilinganiselo ye-86 wt%, 6 wt%, 4 wt%, kunye ne-4 wt%, ngokulandelanayo. I-1 wt% i-TiH2 powder ene-oxidized (unyango lokushisa emoyeni kwi-1.5 h kwi-470 ◦C) yongezwa njenge-agent evuthelayo ekhupha i-H2 ngokukhawuleza kwiqondo lokushisa elinyibilikayo elikhulisa ukunyibilika. Ukongezelela, i-0.5 wt% ye-carbon fibers ifakwe njengezigaba zokuqinisa. Ngokucacileyo, ukonyusa ukumanzi kunye nokuthintela ukuphendula okuyingozi okunje nge-Al4C3 kwifiber-aluminiyam yokunyibilika ujongano ngexesha logwebu, iifiber zekhabhoni zagqunywa ngobhedu nge-electroplating. Inkqubo electroplating yachazwa Refs.Umzobo 2ibonisa imicu yekhabhoni eqatywe ngobhedu efunyenwe yinkqubo yokufakwa kwe-electroless. I-coating ine-uniform kunye ne-coverage eqhubekayo yefiber surface(Umfanekiso 2(a)–(b)). Emva koko, imiqulu yealloyi eyahlukeneyo esetyenzisiweyo kolu phononongo yalungiswa ngokuxutywa ngokucokisekileyo umgubo okhankanywe ngasentla kunye nangaphandle kwe-Cf kumxube omacala amathathu kangangeyure ezi-3. I-powder edibeneyo edibeneyo ifakwe ngaphakathi kwendawo evaliweyo, ilandelwa yinkqubo ebandayo kunye neshushu.

Isigaba esibandayo sikhupha ngokufanelekileyo umoya ngaphakathi kwemigodi kunye nezithuba ze-interstitial phakathi kwamaqhekeza ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lweepaseji ezininzi kunye nokudandatheka okuncinci. Inqanaba elitshisayo lokuqengqeleka liqinisekisa ukuba i-precursor ifezekisa ukuxinana kwesihlobo esidlula i-98% ngokusebenzisa i-co-deformation yephaneli kunye nomgubo, oququzelela inkqubo yokuphosa amagwebu. Iiparamitha zenkqubo yokuqengqeleka eneenkcukacha zichazwe kwiiRefs. I-AFS kunye ne-Cf/AFS izandulela ezinogwebu zifunyanwa ngale nkqubo ikhankanywe ngasentla. Ekugqibeleni, zombini ii-precursors ezinogwebu zafudunyezwa kwi-620 ◦C nge-15 min ukwenza i-Cf/AFS kunye ne-AFS imizekelo, eyayisetyenziselwa uhlalutyo lobungakanani bepore, ukubonakaliswa kwe-microstructural, kunye novavanyo lwepropathi ecinezelayo.

2.3. Ubume kunye neendlela zokuvavanya

2.3.1. Ubume beMicrostructural

I-Microstructure morphology ye-Cf/AFS kunye ne-AFS zaphandwa nge-emission emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Zeiss Ultra Plus). I-Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) yayisetyenziselwa ukuchonga ukubunjwa kwezigaba ezahlukeneyo kwiindonga zeeseli zeesampuli ezinogwebu. Amacandelo amade eesampuli afunyenwe ngokusika imizekelo ene-foam esebenzisa umatshini wokukhupha i-electro-discharging (EDM, DK7745). Emva koku, amacandelo obude bomzekelo aqatywa ngepeyinti emva koko afakwa isanti aze apolishwa kusetyenziswa i-800-grit ne-1500-grit sandpaper, ngokulandelelanayo. Ekugqibeleni, iidayamitha zeeseli ezilinganayo (i-Dmean) zomfanekiso onqamlezileyo wecandelo eligudisiweyo lamiselwa kusetyenziswa isoftware yokuhlalutya umfanekiso, uMfanekiso wePro Plus 6.0.

Umzobo 1.Isicwangciso sendlela yokupakisha i-rolling powder metallurgy.

Umzobo 2.Imifanekiso ye-SEM ye (a) i-copper-coated carbon fibers, kunye (b) ibonisa imbono eyandisiweyo yommandla ophawulwe ngesikwere esibomvu kwi (a). Imifanekiso (c) kunye (d) ziziphumo zeEDS zenqaku A ku-(b).

Umzobo 3.Isazobe sokuseta umfuniselo wemitha yesynchrotron.

2.3.2. Ukuqwalaselwa kogwebu lwe-in-situ ngemitha ye-synchrotron

Umzobo weskim wokuseta umfuniselo wemitha yesynchrotron izotywe kuwoUmzobo 3. Uvavanyo lwenziwe kwi-beamline 4W1A ye-Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF, iBeijing Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China). Ngokungafaniyo nemifanekiso yokufunxa eqhelekileyo, eli phepha lisebenzisa umfanekiso wokuchasana nesigaba kunye noMthombo wokuKhanya weSynchrotron Radiation. Le ndlela ijongana nemida yokufunxa ngokwesiko, engasebenziyo ekuboneni izinto ezifunxa buthathaka. Inkqubo yogwebu yemizekelo yenziwa ngaphakathi kwiziko elenziwe ugwebu elenziwe ngokwezifiso, elinefestile eyi-15 mm ne-15 mm yesikweri yefestile ebekwe ngokuthe ngqo kwicala le-X-reyi. Ubungakanani besampulu, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Fig. 3, imilinganiselo ye-15 mm × 15 mm × 2 mm. Isampulu ifakwe kwisikhunta esinegwebu esinenani elithile lamaphepha e-ceramic. Kuyo yonke inkqubo yogwebu, ii-X-rays zinokudlula kwisampulu kwaye zibanjwe ngekhamera ye-charge-coupled device (CCD). Umthombo we-X-reyi okhethiweyo usebenze kubukhulu be-20 Kev, kunye nobukhulu bobukhulu bokujongwa obuyi-7.4 mm × 7.4 mm busetyenziselwe ukuqwalaselwa ngokubanzi kwayo yonke inkqubo yogwebu.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba iisampulu eziqatshelweyo zibekwe ngendlela elungelelanisiweyo kuzo zombini ulwalathiso oluqengqelekayo kunye nolwakhiwo lwe-tangential. Bobabini abaphambili abaqulethe i-0.5 wt% Cf kunye nalabo abangenayo i-0.5 wt% Cf babe neepaneli zabo zecala zisuswe kumacala omabini eesampuli usebenzisa i-EDM. Isiphumo se-Cf kwiimpawu zokugwebu ze-aluminiyam yogwebu lwaphandwa. Ngaphaya koko, ii-precursors ezinemixholo eyahlukeneyo zaye zagwebulwa kwiziko lokufudumeza elifanayo kwiqondo lobushushu elicwangcisiweyo le-620 ◦C.

2.3.3. Uvavanyo lweepropathi zomatshini woxinzelelo

Iimpawu zokuxininisa zinqunywe kwiimpawu ze-cylindrical kunye nobude be-23 mm kunye nobubanzi be-20 mm nge-EDM, kwaye yonke isalathiso yaqinisekiswa ukuba ibandakanye ubuncinane i-pores ye-10 epheleleyo ukuphepha umphumo wesayizi. Iimvavanyo zoxinzelelo lwe-Quasi-static zenziwa ngokulandela imigangatho ye-ISO13314-2011 kunye ne-GB/T31930-2015, kusetyenziswa umatshini wokuvavanya i-electron we-AG-XPLUS we-electron universal nomthamo omkhulu womthwalo we-100 KN. Iisampuli ezintathu zavavanywa kwiqela ngalinye, kwaye i-compressive stress-strain curves kweli phepha ibonisa iziphumo eziqhelekileyo ezifunyenwe kwiisampuli ezintathu ezivavanyiweyo. Zonke iimvavanyo zenziwa phantsi kolawulo lokufuduswa, ukugcina isantya esiphezulu se-cross-head of 2 mm / min (ehambelana nesantya sokuqala sobunzima be-10-3 s-1) kwindawo yokushisa.

Umzobo 4.Ixesha eliguquliweyo imifanekiso yemitha ye-synchrotron yenkqubo ye-Cf/AFS yogwebu: (a) isandulela esingenagwebu kumzuzu we-380 ◦C; (b)–(c) ukunyibilika kobhedu olusisiseko kunye nodidi lwe-II lwenucleation ngexesha lokunyibilikiswa kwe-precursor; (d)–(g) iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ze-nucleation kunye nokukhula kwamaqamza; kunye (h)–(i) namaqamza adityanisiweyo kunye nokugqabhuka.

3. Iziphumo kunye nengxoxo

3.1. Kwi-situ ukuziphatha okugwebu phantsi kwemitha ye-synchrotron

3.1.1. Ukuvela kogwebu lwe-CF/AFS

Umzobo 4ibonisa uthotho lwemifanekiso ye-synchrotron radiation ebonisa inkqubo yogwebu lwe-Cf/AFS. Imifanekiso yoqobo ye-CF/AFS(Umfanekiso wesi-4 (a))zabanjwa xa i-matrix ikwimo eqinileyo kwi-380 ◦C, kwaye eli xesha lamiselwa njenge-t0. Xa kuthelekiswa namanye amacandelo kwi-precursor, i-Cf ibonakala imnyama ngaphakathi kwe-matrix etyebileyo ye-aluminium. Oku kunokubalelwa kumxholo wobhedu ophezulu kumphezulu wefiber, njengoko kubonisiweIsazobe 2(c)–(d), enobunzima obukhulu beathom xa kuthelekiswa namanye amacandelo e-precursor. Ngaphezu koko, uninzi lwe-Cf lujongwa njengento echithakeleyo kwaye yahluliwe, kunokuba idityaniswe kunye, njengoko kubonisiweIsazobe 4(a). Oku kuthetha ukuba ngokudityaniswa kwe-0.5 wt% ye-Cf, inkqubo ye-3 h yokuvuselela inokufikelela ngokukuko kwimeko enqwenelekayo yokusasazwa.

Kwi-t0+194s (njengoko kubonwa kwiIsazobe 4(b)), inani elikhulu lamaqamza amhlophe, aphantse abengqukuva anedayamitha ukusuka kwi-90 μm ukuya kwi-180 μm inokubonwa kwimatrix engwevu yealuminiyam (ephawulwe ngotolo olubomvu). Inani lamaqamza liqhubekile ukunyuka phakathi kwe46 s, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiIsazobe 4(c). Ukongeza, olunye utshintsho oluphawulekayo olwenzeka kwi-matrix kukuba amanye amaqamza amancinci athande ukwenza kumphezulu we-Cf kunye nokuqaliswa kwe-Cu dissolutions (ephawulwe ngebhokisi enamachokoza abomvu). Le nto inokuthi ibangelwa kuhlobo lwe-II nucleation eyenzeka ngaphakathi kwe-powder compact enobhedu. Kuyavunywa ngokubanzi ukuba ukongezwa kweCu kunciphisa kakhulu ubushushu bokunyibilika kweealloys. Oku kubangela ukunyibilika kwendawo ejikeleze amasuntswana omgubo ongaphambili kwi-powder precursor equlethe umgubo wobhedu ngexesha lenkqubo yokufudumeza, ukuvelisa isixa esikhulu se-Al-Si-Mg-Cu ye-quaternary eutectic enyibilikayo kumaqondo aphantsi obushushu. I-quaternary eutectic melt pool ithande ukuba ngummandla obuthathaka kwi-alloy kwaye ithandwa kakhulu kwi-nucleation. Ngenxa yoko, amaqamza kunokwenzeka ukuba abe yinucleate kwaye akhule kufutshane necopper-coated kumphezulu wefiber. Ngapha koko, iqhezu eliphantsi lolwelo kwi-matrix ngalo mzuzu libangela ukuba iigesi ezisuka ekonakaleni kwe-TiH2 ziqokelele ngokulula kwi-matrix ye-aluminium. Uhlobo lwe-nucleation lwe-II lunokuthintela ngokufanelekileyo igesi eqokelelweyo enyanzelisa i-matrix yolwelo oluphantsi lweqhekeza kunye nokusabalalisa iintanda kulwelo, okukhokelela ekulahlekeni okukhulu komthamo we-hydrogen.

Isazobe 4(d)ibonisa amaqamza ekuqaleni nucleate kwaye akhule kummandla we-Cf njengoko imatriki inyibilika ngokupheleleyo, kunye neendawo iqamza zihambelana umaleko ubhedu olugqunywe ngobhedu (ephawulwe ngebhokisi amachokoza ebomvu). Kusekwe kakuhle ukuba ukongezwa kwezigaba zesibini kwandisa inani leendawo ze-nucleation ze-heterogeneous, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa umqobo wamandla wokwenza amaqamza amatsha ngaphakathi kwe-alloy melt. Okwangoku, izinga le-nucleation linxulumene nenani elipheleleyo le-nucleation ye-heterogeneous per unit volume. Ngenxa yoko, kunokuqatshelwa ukuba amaqamza aqala ukuba yi-nucleate kwiziza apho iifiber zekhabhoni zikhoyo kwaye zanda kubude be-carbon fiber. Ngokunyuka ngakumbi kwiqhezu lokunyibilika, amaqamza amaninzi amatsha ayaqhubeka nokuvelaIsazobe 4(e)–4(g). Nangona kunjalo, izinga lokudityaniswa kwendawo kunye nokugqabhuka kwamaqamza licotha, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba amaqamza anozinzo oluphezulu. Kwi-t0 + 426s, inani leebhubhu landa kakhulu, kwaye

umthamo we-precursor ubonisa ukwanda okukhulu(Umfanekiso 4(h)). Ngaphaya koko, ukwenzeka kokudityaniswa kweqamza (eliphawulwe ngotolo olubomvu), apho amaqamza amancinci afunxwa makhulu ngenxa yokuvuthwa kwe-Ostwald, yinkqubo engenakuthintelwa ngexesha lokuvela kwamagwebu esinyithi [40]. Le nto yokuvuthwa ikwakhokelela ekubonakaleni kwenani elincinci lamaqamza amakhulu nangaqhelekanga (aphawulwe ngotolo olubomvu ngaphakathi.Isazobe 4(i)).

Isazobe sesi-5.Imifanekiso eguquliweyo yexesha lenkqubo yogwebu lwe-AFS kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo: (a) isandulela esinganyibilikisiweyo kumzuzu we-380 ◦C; (b) ukuchithwa kobhedu olusisiseko kunye nodidi lwe-II lwenucleation ngexesha lokunyibilikisa i-precursor; (c) iinkqubo zenucleation kunye nokukhula kwamaqamza; kunye (d)–(f) namaqamza adityanisiweyo kunye nokugqabhuka.

3.1.2. Ukuvela kogwebu lwe-AFS

Umfanekiso wesi-5 ubonisa uthotho lwemifanekiso yemitha ye-synchrotron ebonisa inkqubo yogwebu lwe-AFS. Ngokufana neCf / AFS, umfanekiso wokuqala wokulandelelana kwemitha ye-synchrotron yabanjwa xa i-AFS yayikwisigaba esiqinileyo kwi-380 ◦C (bonaIsazobe 5(a)). Xa i-matrix ishushu ngaphezu kobushushu be-solidus, amaqamza amancinci amhlophe ayabonakala ngaphakathiIsazobe 5(b) kunye (c), okubangelwa ukuchithwa kwe-TiH2 kunye nokuvela kohlobo lwe-nucleation ye-II kwindawo ye-Cu-rich. Nangona kunjalo, inani lamaqamza avelisiweyo kunye nokuxinana kwawo kokusasazwa kuwoIsazobe 5(c)isezantsi kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa neIsazobe 4(c). Oku kuphakamisa ukuba i-Cf/AFS ibonelela ngamajelo amaninzi okukhutshwa kwerhasi kwangethuba ngexesha le-nucleation, ukuthintela ukunyanzeliswa kokwenziwa kweentanda kwi-matrix ye-aluminium eneqhekeza eliphantsi lolwelo.

Inani elimbalwa leendawo ze-AFS nucleation kunye nokuba nokwenzeka okuphezulu kokukhula kweqamza okungaqhelekanga xa kuthelekiswa ne-Cf/AFS kunokubonwa ukusukaIsazobe 5(d)–(f). I-evolution yamaqamza e-AFS ayiqhelekanga, kwaye ubukhulu bawo bubonisa ukuguquguquka okubanzi ngenxa yokuhlalisana kwawo omabini amaqamza anobungakanani be-micrometer kunye namaqamza amakhulu ngokungaqhelekanga (aphawulwe ngotolo olubomvu). Ngaphezu koko, oku kungazinzi kunye nokungahambi kakuhle ngexesha lenkqubo yokuqala ye-nucleation kunokubangela ukungafani okuphawulekayo kwisakhiwo sokugqibela se-pore kunye neempawu zomatshini phakathi kwe-AFS kunye ne-Cf / AFS.

3.2. Uhlalutyo lwe-macrostructure

Ukuphanda iiyantlukwano kwi-macroscopic pore morphology kunye ne-pore diameter phakathi kwe-AFS kunye ne-Cf / AFS, izakhiwo ezimbini zesandwich zalungiswa phantsi kweemeko zebhubhoratri kwiqondo lokushisa elinogwebu lwe-620 ◦C kwi-15 min. I-macrostructures kunye nokuhanjiswa kobungakanani beeseli ze-AFS kunye ne-Cf/AFS ziboniswe kwiIsazobe 6. Uthelekiso lwamacandelo amileyo eesampulu ezimbini zesangweji zesampulu zityhila ukuba amagwebu eCf/AFS aneeseli ezicolekileyo kunye neziphene ezincinci ezinje ngokugqabhuka okanye ukudityaniswa kweeseli (bonaIsazobe 6 (b)). Ngokuchasene noko, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiIsazobe 6(a), i-AFS ibonisa i-pore homogeneity embi kunye nobukho bezinye iipores ezinkulu ngokungaqhelekanga. Ngeli xesha, i-pore diameter elinganayo ye-AFS kunye ne-Cf/AFS yayiyi-2.9 ± 0.2 mm kunye ne-1.9 ± 0.1 mm, ngokulandelelana, iphakamisa ukuba i-diameter ye-pore yacocwa ngakumbi ngokudityaniswa kwe-Cf (bonaIsazobe 6(c) kunye (d)).

Ukuguquka kwesakhiwo se-pore kuthonywa ngeendlela ezimbini zokukhuphisana: ukuchithwa kwe-TiH2 kunye nokudibanisa kunye nokuphuka kwe-foam. Ukuchithwa kwe-TiH2 kunegalelo ekwandeni kwenani le-nucleation, i-porosity, kunye nesantya sokwandisa, ngelixa ukudibanisa kunye nokugqabhuka kwama-bubbles kunciphisa inani le-pores kwaye kwandisa ububanzi bee-pores. Ukunciphisa ukudibanisa kwe-bubble kunye neziganeko zokuqhekeka kuncedisa ekufumaneni isakhiwo esingcono seselula. Ngenxa yoko, ukuzinza okuphezulu kwe-foam kuyimfuneko yokugcina i-homogeneity yesakhiwo se-pore ngexesha lenkqubo yokuqhuma. Kwi-Cf / AFS, ukongezwa kweCf kuphucula kakhulu ukumanzisa kweefayili kunye ne-aluminium enyibilikayo. Ngokufana nengxelo ye-Cf yokuqinisa i-aluminiyam i-foam [44] elungiselelwe yindlela yokunyibilika kwe-foaming, ukongezwa kwe-Cf kuzinzisa i-foam ye-aluminium ngokuthintela ukugqabhuka kodonga lweseli kunye nokunciphisa i-agglomeration. Okwangoku, i-Cf inokudala isakhiwo esifana nenetha kwindonga yeseli, eyenza amandla okuhlukana kunye nokuthintela ukugqabhuka kwamaqamza, ngaloo ndlela, kuphuculwe isakhiwo seseli, ukuzinza kwe-foam, kunye nokufana kwe-pore distribution.

3.3. Ubume beMicrostructural

Isazobe 7(a)ibonisa i-microstructure yodonga lweseli emva kogwebu nge-AFS. Njengoko kuchazwe kwi-AlSi6Cu4Mg4 i-alloy foams, i-eutectic Al-Si, i-Mg2Si, i-Al2Cu, kunye ne-Al5Cu2Mg8Si6, ikhona kwi-alloy, evumelana neziphumo ezifunyenwe kuhlalutyo lwe-EDSIsazobe 7(b). Ezi zigaba ze-brittle zinciphisa iimpawu zomatshini we-foam ye-aluminium ngokwenza buthathaka udonga lwe-pore okanye lusebenze njengomthombo wokuqhekeka ngexesha lokuguqulwa. Ngoko ke, ukuphucula iimpawu zemishini yodonga lwama-pore ngokongezwa kwezigaba zokuqinisa isicwangciso esisebenzayo nesisebenzayo.

Kwi-Cf/AFS, inokubonwa ukusukaIsazobe 7(c) kunye (d)ukuba i-Cf isasazwe ngaphakathi kudonga lweseli okanye kumda wodonga lweseli, ebonisa ukuba i-Cf inokumanzisa okugqwesileyo kunye ne-aluminium enyibilikayo. Ngapha koko, iyabonakala (jonga kuIsazobe 7(d)) ukuba isixa esincinci senqanaba le-Al2Cu le-precipitated senza kwi-interface phakathi kwe-fibers kunye ne-aluminium enyibilikayo. Le nto inegalelo ekufezekiseni ubudlelwane obuqinileyo phakathi kweefayili kunye ne-matrix. Ukuqhubela phambili kolu tshintsho losasazo kunokujongwa ngokuchanekileyoIsazobe 4(a)–(c). Qaphela ukuba, isigaba esincitshisiweyo asijikelezi ngokupheleleyo i-carbon fibers, kwaye urhulumente kunye nobungakanani bolu lwabiwo lunenzuzo kwi-Cf / AFS. Ngokusekwe kuphononongo lwe-Lv et al, kwi-Cf eyomeleziweyo ye-aluminiyam ye-matrix ye-matrix izinto ezihlanganisiweyo, kwaboniswa ukuba umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wesigaba esincitshisiweyo unokuphembelela kwaye ulawule amandla ebhondi yangaphakathi.

Isazobe 6.Amacandelo amileyo esampula emele (a) AFS kunye (b) ne-CF/AFS. Idayamitha elinganayo xa ithelekiswa neploti yeqhezu lendawo ehambelana no (a) kunye no (b) iboniswe ku-(c) kunye no-(d), ngokulandelelanayo. Umgca oqinileyo oqhubekayo ku-(c) kunye no-(d) umele ukulingana okuqhelekileyo kwelogi. Ukuhlehla (R2) kubonisa ukulunga kokulingana.

Isazobe 7.Imifanekiso ye-SEM (a) kunye (b) ibonisa i-microstructures ehambelana nayoIsazobe 6(a) I-AFS kunyeIsazobe 6(b) Cf/AFS, ngokulandelelanayo, ngaphezu koko,Isazobe 7(b) kunye (d) nokubonisa ulwandiso lwasekuhlaleni lweIsazobe 7(a) kunye no-(c), ngokulandelelanayo.

3.4. Inkqubo ye-CF yokuzinzisa ugwebu lwe-Al–Si–Mg–Cu

Ngokusekwe kolu hlalutyo lukhankanywe apha ngasentla, umelo oluyinkqubo lwenkqubo yogwebu lwe-Cf/AFS kunye ne-AFS lushwankathelwaIsazobe 8. Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-Cf/AFS kunye ne-AFS kwinqanaba le-nucleation, ukukhula kweqamza, kunye nenqanaba lokudibanisa, kunye nenqanaba lokuqina ngokuthe ngcembe, njengoko kubonisiweIsazobe 8(a) kunye (b).

Isazobe 8.Umzobo we-Schematic we-Cf/AFS kunye ne-AFS yokuziphatha okugwebu: (a) Cf/AFS; kunye (b) ne-AFS.

Kwinqanaba le-nucleation ye-AlSi6Cu4Mg4 i-alloy foams, amaqamza athanda ukuba yinucleate ngaphakathi kwe-liquid quaternary eutectic ejikeleze amasuntswana obhedu, kunokuba ibe yi-nucleate kwindawo yamasuntswana e-TiH2. Olu hlobo lwe-nucleation kummandla obuthathaka kakhulu we-precursor (uhlobo lwe-nucleation ye-II) lubonelela ngeendlela zokubalekela iigesi ezikhutshwe yi-TiH2 ukubola, ukuphepha ukuqokelela kweegesi kunye nokubangela ukuqhekeka ukusasazeka kwi-aluminium inyibilika. Ukongezwa kweefiber zekhabhoni ezigqunywe ngobhedu ngokucacileyo kudala ngakumbi amajelo okukhupha i-H2. Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni i-aluminiyam yokunyibilika ingenalo iqhezu lolwelo elaneleyo kweli nqanaba, kunzima ukuba amaqamza amancinci anjalo abe nomthombo owaneleyo we-H2 ukuqhubeka nokukhula. Ngenxa yoko, la maqamza amancinci agqabhuka ngaphakathi kwinyibiliko njengoko ubushushu bunyuka. Xa i-precursor iyancibilika ngokupheleleyo, i-H2 ekhutshwe kwi-reaction dehydrogenation enobudlova ye-TiH2 iya kuba yi-nucleate kwaye ikhule ngokukhawuleza ngokusekelwe kwinqanaba le-nucleation. I-Cf ibonelela ngeendawo ezininzi ze-nucleation ezininzi ezingafaniyo zokuvelisa amaqamza, athi awanyuse kakhulu amazinga enucleation. Kwangaxeshanye, ubukho be-Cf buthintela ngokufanelekileyo ukudibana kunye nokudityaniswa kwamaqamza aphambili kwaye kunqanda ukubunjwa kwamaqamza amakhulu ngokungaqhelekanga.

Ngexesha lokukhula kunye nesigaba sokudibanisa amaqamza, ukongezwa kweCf kuphucula kakhulu ukuzinza kwe-foam. Isizathu kukuba i-Cf kunye ne-aluminiyam iyanyibilika inokumanzisa okulungileyo, kwaye iintsinga zinokubanjwa ngokulula phakathi kojongano lwegesi-lwelwelo ezimbini ukwenza ubume bothungelwano (njengoko kubonisiweIsazobe 7(c)). Njengoko ifilimu yolwelo iyancitshiswa, iifibers ziyakwazi ukuvelisa uxinzelelo lokwahlula ukuxhathisa ukufunxa kumda weplateau, ngaloo ndlela kuthintela ifilimu yolwelo ukuba ingagqabhuki. Ke i-Cf/AFS idinga ixesha elide logwebu xa kuthelekiswa ne-AFS, ngozinzo oluphezulu olunokugcina ukufana kwesakhiwo sepore ngexesha lokuvela kwegwebu.

Ngexesha lokuqina okucothayo, amaqamza kwi-Cf/AFS awasakhuli kwaye iifiber zifakwe ngaphakathi kwodonga lweseli (eziphawulwe ngebhokisi enamachaphaza abomvu). Oku kugcinwa kweentsinga kuthintela ukufunxwa kwamaqamu amancinci ngamakhudlwana, njengoko kubonwa kwi-Ostwald maturation, kwaye inqanda ukuphuka kodonga lweseli ngenxa yokwandiswa kokuqina. Ngenxa yoko, i-Cf/AFS ibonisa ubume bepore obufanayo kunye neziphene ezimbalwa xa kuthelekiswa ne-AFS.

3.5. Iimpawu zoomatshini

I-compressive stress-strain curves ye-CF/AFS kunye ne-AFS ephantse ibe yi-porosity efanayo (83.2% kunye ne-81.4%, ngokulandelanayo) ibonisweIsazobe 9(a). Ijiko elicinezelayo loxinzelelo loxinzelelo libonisa uphawu olwahlukileyo lwamanqanaba amathathu, abandakanya ummandla welastiki, ummandla wethafa, kunye nommandla woxinaniso. Amandla emveliso yoxinzelelo lwe-AFS kunye ne-Cf/AFS yayiyi-8.44 MPa kunye ne-11.87 MPa, ngokulandelanayo. Amandla emveliso yoxinzelelo lwe-Cf/AFS anyuswe nge-40.6% xa kuthelekiswa ne-AFS. Ngeli xesha, amandla okufunxa amandla e-CF/AFS angcono kune-AFS kuhlobo olufanayo, njengoko kubonisiweIsazobe 9(b). Amandla okufunxa amandla e-AFS kunye ne-Cf/AFS malunga ne-3.3 MJ/m3 kunye ne-6.1 MJ/m3, ngokulandelanayo. Umthamo wokufunxa amandla we-Cf/AFS uphuculwe ngama-84.8% xa kuthelekiswa ne-AFS.

Isazobe 9.I-compressive stress-train curves and energy absorption capacity curves of Cf/AFS and AFS: (a) i-compressive stress-train curves; (b) iigophe zokufunxa amandla.

Ukudityaniswa kwe-Cf kuphucule kakhulu iimpawu zomatshini wondoqo wogwebu. Kuyaziwa ukuba iimpawu zoomatshini zeugwebu aluminiyamzihlobene ngokusondeleyo kwisakhiwo sepore kunye neempawu ze-strut mechanical. Uhlalutyo lwe-macrostructural lubonise ukuba ukongezwa kwe-Cf kuhlanjululwe ubungakanani be-pore, ukuhanjiswa kwe-pore okuphuculweyo, kunye nokunciphisa i-pore defects. Ngokufana neziphumo zikaSasikumar et al. kunye neYangetal. Idayamitha encinci yepore kunye nokuhanjiswa kwepore emxinwa kuluncedo ngakumbi ukomeleza amandla oxinzelelo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokufunxa amandla. Ngaphezu koko, umphumo we-microstructure kwiipropati zomatshini we-foam ikakhulu ngenxa ye-Cf efakwe kwiindonga ze-pore ze-foam. Ukusasazwa kunye nokuchithwa kwe-copper-coated ye-carbon fibers kwi-aluminium matrix inokufikelela kwi-firmer interfacial bond phakathi kwee-fibers kunye ne-aluminium matrix, enegalelo ekugqithiseni umthwalo. I-modulus carbon fiber ephezulu efakwe kwindonga ye-pore inokunciphisa ukuguqulwa kodonga lwe-pore phantsi komthwalo wokunyanzeliswa kunye nokuphucula umthamo wokuthwala umthwalo. Zonke ezi zinto zikhetha i-Cf/AFS ukuphumeza amandla esivuno esiphezulu kunye nomthamo wokufunxa amandla xa kuthelekiswa ne-AFS.

4. Izigqibo

I-CF/AFS kunye ne-AFS zilungiswe yindlela yokupakisha i-rolling powder metallurgy kulo msebenzi. Ukuziphatha okugwebu kwe-Cf/AFS kunye ne-AFS kwajongwa ngamandla ngemitha ye-synchrotron ukuya

iphande ifuthe le-Cf kwi-nucleation yeqamza kunye nokukhula. Ukongeza, i-Cf kwi-pore morphology, ukuhanjiswa kwepore, kunye neempawu zokuxinzelela amagwebu e-aluminium zihlalutywe kakuhle. Izigqibo eziphambili zezi zilandelayo:

(1) Uqwalaselo lwemitha ye-synchrotron kwi-situ lubonisa ukuba zombini iinkqubo ze-Cf/AFS kunye ne-AFS ze-foaming zibonisa amanqanaba amathathu ahlukeneyo: i-bubble nucleation, ukukhula kwe-bubble kunye nokudibanisa, kunye nokuqina.

Xa kuthelekiswa ne-AFS, inkqubo yogwebu ye-Cf/AFS ibonisa uzinzo oluphezulu kunye nokufana kweqamza. I-AFS ityekele ekwenzeni imingxunya emikhulu ngokungaqhelekanga kunye nerhabaxa ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvela kwepore. Ukongezelela, ukungafani kubangelwa yimpembelelo ye-nucleation ye-Cf, ekhusela ukuphuka kodonga lwe-bubble kunye nokunciphisa i-coalescence ngelixa inyusa izinga le-nucleation.

(2) Ukongezwa kwe-0.5 wt.% Cf icokisa i-pore diameter elinganayo ukusuka kwi-2.9 ± 0.2 mm ukuya kwi-1.9 ± 0.1 mm, ukunciphisa kakhulu iziphene zepore. Kwangaxeshanye, i-microstructure ibonisa ukumanzisa okulungileyo kwe-Cf, esasazwa ecaleni kodonga lwe-pore kunye ne-gas-solid interface, ngaloo ndlela iphucula ukuzinza kwe-foam.

(3) Xa kuthelekiswa ne-AFS, amandla okuvelisa amandla kunye namandla okufunxa amandla e-Cf / AFS anyuke malunga ne-40.6% kunye ne-84.8%, ngokulandelanayo. Iziphumo zolu phononongo zinokubonelela ngeembono zokuqiniswa kweepaneli ze-aluminium foam sandwich kunye ne-metallurgical bonding interfaces ezinobuchwephesha bezicelo zobunjineli kwintsimi yeemoto kunye ne-aerospace industries.

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